Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Human Resource Management - Essay Example Flanagan was the firm’s vice chairman in the corporate offices of Chicago (Blitstein 2008). According to the article, Flanagan, ‘repeatedly lied about his trading in annual written certifications’ (Blitstein 2008). I’ve made a research on the literature related to business ethics and came to the conclusion that employees in all firms need to follow the ethical rules set by their organization, as these rules are aligned with the laws regulating trade and commerce. In the specific case, Deloitte had failed in identifying early the violation of business ethics by its vice president; moreover, it seems that this failure has been a common phenomenon for the specific organization, meaning especially the problems in the firm’s audits in 2009 and 2010, as identified by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) (Lynch and Byrnes 2011). In accordance with Tittle (2000, p.67) ‘employees need to be loyal to their company’; however, this loyalty has limits. ... It is implied that the activities of employees within organizations need to be lawful and that no violation of law in the context of business activity is permitted. In accordance with a survey developed in 1990, a high percentage of organizations, about 90%, tend to develop a corporate code of ethics (Trevino and Weaver 2003). In this context it would be expected that the phenomena of corporate fraud would be limited worldwide. The case of Deloitte, as of other well-known firms, such as Enron, revealed that the rules of corporate code of ethics are often ignored within modern organizations. I decided to explore all aspects of the Deloitte’s case, meaning its problems related to business ethics, in order to identify the failure of the organization to promote business ethics among its employees: was these failure related to specific employees or to the organization’s strategic framework? Log Entry 2 February 15, 2012 At a first point, Deloitte’s practices in regard to the control of fraud in the internal organizational environment can be considered as quite ineffective. In accordance with the firm’s website, the Board has a key role in ‘overseeing the organization and ensuring that it operates in the best interests of its shareholders’ (Deloitte, The role of the board, 2012). It is further explained, that the Board has the power to develop a regular control on the firm’s value drivers and set the firm’s targets, including the systems required for ‘monitoring managers’ accountability’ (Deloitte, The role of the board, 2012); the above powers are part of the Board’s responsibility to check the level at which the corporate governance rule are applied (Deloitte, The role of the board, 2012). In other words, the firm’s Board is primarily

Teaching Vocabulary Using Original Video and Sound Effects to Young Learner Essay Example for Free

Teaching Vocabulary Using Original Video and Sound Effects to Young Learner Essay Putu Darma Putra (2013) in his seminar says that â€Å"World is words, how nice and influence they are; appears in a dictionary. † Words are really powerful for good and evil. They can transform in the hands of someone who knows how to choose and combine them. As we know, English as an international language has an important role in dealing with the world. For dealing with the world we need to deliver our thought by using words or vocabularies. We can imagine how powerful vocabulary is. As well known, vocabulary is the knowledge of words and word meanings. It is very necessary to teach vocabulary during English lesson. The reason why vocabulary is taught at school is because students need to improve their vocabulary to use in the real life. Students speak English in their daily life; they are speaking with other person vocabularies. If students have a small stock of vocabularies, this would be obstacles when they are talking to someone else or reading English textbook. So, it is really important to teach vocabulary intensively. There are many ways of teaching and learning vocabulary. The rules and strategies of teaching vocabulary items in the classroom should be innovative and proficient. Research shows that the key strategy to teach vocabulary effectively is by using a media that can make students are interested in the lesson. Using teaching media in teaching and learning process can motivate and develop student’s vocabulary mastery. According to Shahla Yassael (2012), teaching language skills through mechanical exercises and traditional fill-in-the-blank, true/ false, and multiple-choice assessments does not interest students as much as we expect. Almost of students get bored when they just read text book and more of them just read the words without know what the meaning of it is. Poor readers usually read less, because reading is difficult and frustrating for them. It means that their vocabularies are limited. Teachers have to know how to help and facilitate students to learn about vocabulary knowledge using useful words or vocabulary that will help them achieve or figure out meaning of the words by them selves. This means that the words frequently appear in their daily life. Teacher also should find the best strategies that useful both in the classroom and out-side of the classroom. Teaching strategies can use a media as supporting items. Teaching vocabulary using media can create a meaningful context, which can be delivering and introduce any key vocabulary that may be unfamiliar. The media that can use to teach vocabulary is using poems and favorite song. It is supported by Caroline Linse (2006) that songs and poems are an excellent way to begin or end a lesson. Teachers usually use poems and songs in the beginning of lesson to warm up students. It is better to choose an appropriate poems or songs that related to the content of the lesson. At the end of lesson, the better way to cooling down the situation after giving lesson is singing song and repeat it in different verse. It can be doing while the students are waiting the bell to ring. Songs and poems are usually use for early children education, or we call it young learner. They are easily to imagine nouns, and don’t have literacy skills. So, they only can recognize nouns. Young learners also need concrete vocabulary. It means the vocabulary that they learn should be definite and specific. They also need to repeat the words again and again in new context. Young learners are easily to feel bored during lesson, because they love to move as they sing the song. By using poems and song, they can learn the lesson in a fun way. In this case, teacher can use props or action that can make them remember the words and meaning. The props and actions are also making them know and remember the context that shows in each verse. Teacher also can change some words in the poem and favorite song lyric into a picture, so young learner can understand the meaning of the vocabulary. Here, the writer offers poems and favorite songs as a great tool in the teaching vocabulary, especially when the teacher wants to introduce new vocabulary items to the students. Teachers can use this strategy to help learners acquire vocabulary items that they see and hear. This paper is focused on the effort to solve the problems about young learners’ vocabulary mastery. One of the way to improve their vocabulary mastery effectively, actively, and creatively is by using poems and favorite songs. By using poems and favorite songs, students are able to improve their vocabularies mastery while enjoy the lesson using a fun way of learning. Using poems and favorite songs, the teacher can deliver the vocabulary knowledge using an interesting media to the students. It is expected to improve their vocabulary more easily, so they can understand the meaning of a reading text easily.

Why I want To Be A Firefighter Essay -- essays research papers

Firefighting is a career that can make you feel proud and accomplished, and it is a career in which I have a lot of respect for. In order to be a firefighter you must be in shape, prepared, experienced, and ready to deal with your job emotionally as well as physically. I chose to be a firefighter because I want to be able to help others and make them feel safe to live in their communities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After visiting some actual fire departments, I realized as a firefighter you certainly have a lot to be proud of. It’s not your average job and does require quite a bit of organization to stay on top of everything. Everyday you have to be ready and prepared for just about anything that can happen. You never know what kinds of jobs you are going to be set out to do in one day. This means your equipment should be in order, checked and ready to go.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While going through training, I began to realize this is a career that is can be emotionally overwhelming. You must be able to cope with mental stress, and stay prepared at all times. Just the fact that you don’t know what you are going to encounter throughout one day can be stressful. Knowing this you must learn how to deal with your emotions, whether it’s through group therapy or just relaxing after work. People are going to depend on you when they’re in a dangerous situation and you must be strong and help them when they are in need. To help others you must also be physically and menta...

Effects of Television on Children: A Chain Indicating Their Behavior Es

Kate Moody, author of Growing Up On Television: The TV Effect, explains that a nine-year-old’s effort to slip his teacher a box of poisoned chocolates, a seven-year-old’s use of ground glass in the family stew, a seventeen-year-old’s re-enactment of a televised rape and murder by bludgeoning the victim’s head and slashing her throat, and a fifteen-year-old’s real-life rerun of a rape with a broomstick televised in the movie Born Innocent are all examples of crimes copied from TV (86). Many children are introduced to the world of television before they enter school and grow up committing crimes because they were under the influence of television. In Mary L. Gavin’s article, â€Å"How TV Affects Your Child,† found on KidsHealth.org, which is the most visited website for information about health, behavior, and development from before birth through the teen years, Mary reported that two-thirds of infants and toddlers watch television an a verage of two hours a day, kids under the age of six watch an average of about two hours of television a day, and children between the ages of eight and eighteen years old spend nearly four hours a day in front of a television screen (Gavin). The article found on the Media Awareness Network website, â€Å"Television’s Impact on Kids,† reports that television is one of the most prevalent media influences in kids’ lives (Media Awareness Network). Lately, reality shows like Bad Girls’ Club and Jersey Shore are being aired because they are full of drama that catches the viewers’ attention. Children are more receptive of what they see on TV than adults are and are more likely to mimic those actions. The negative influence of television causes children to absorb and retaliate what they see on TV, which in part cause... ...use. And often, there's no discussion about the consequences of drinking alcohol, doing drugs, smoking cigarettes, and having premarital sex (Gavin). Children who view TV become involved in three processes: (1) they are exposed to new behaviors and characters, (2) they learn to do or acquire those behaviors, and (3) they eventually accept them as their own (Moody 86-87). Children are attracted to violence, and violence on TV is portrayed as tolerable. As a result, kids show aggressive behavior and learn to handle their problems with violence, which leads to an increase in crime. Also, children that watch shows that contain sexual content are more likely to become involved in sexual activities. Children assimilate everything they see on TV, and they assume behaviors like violence and sex are appropriate, which guides them to actually undertake in such activities.

Mr birding in the opening of the play? Essay

Mr. Birling is presented as arrogant and a social climber through the stage directions at the start of the play. He is described at the start, in the stage directions, as a â€Å"heavy-looking, rather portentous man in his middle fifties but rather provincial in his speeches.† This implies that Birling is a man who was born in the countryside and that he is not from a very important background. This shows that because of Birling’s history, he’s a pompous man and he tries to show everybody how important he actually is; this is because of how his status used to be when he was growing up as a child. Priestley also conveys Mr. Birling as a pitiful social climber through what he says and his mannerisms at the start of the play. Priestley shows that Birling is aware of the people who are his social superiors, which is why he shows off about the port to Gerald, â€Å"it is exactly the same port your father gets.† He is proud that he is likely to be knighted, as this would move him even higher in the social circles. He claims that the party â€Å"is one of the happiest nights of my life.† This is not only because Sheila will be happy, but also because a merger with Crofts Limited will be good for his business. Through this Priestley presents Mr. Birling as selfish and very self-centered, showing that he only cares about himself and his business. Priestley does this to show that all capitalists were similar to Birling as they too only cared about their social status at the time. The use of dramatic irony in Mr. Birling’s speech presents him as foolish and Priestley is clearly mocking capitalist values. Priestley sets the play in 1912 because that year was before a lot of significant historical events took place. This makes it easy for Priestley to use dramatic irony to display Mr. Birling’s arrogance and foolishness. He confidently states that â€Å"nobody wants war† and that it will never happen, and he has great faith that the â€Å"unsinkable, absolutely unsinkable† ship Titanic will never sink. Priestley’s use of the repetition of the adjective â€Å"unsinkable† further accentuates Mr. Birling’s arrogance. Obviously all these things really did  occur much to the amusement of the 1945 audience, who now know not to take Mr. Birling as an intelligent, thoughtful person. Overall Priestley uses the character of Mr. Burling as a representative of capitalism, showing that capitalists were foolish and arrogant, just like Mr. Birling.

buy custom Volatile Organic Compounds essay

buy custom Volatile Organic Compounds essay Air pollution involves the introduction of particulate matter, chemicals or biological materials capable of causing discomfort or harm to human beings and other living organisms; or those that can damage the natural or built environments, into the atmosphere . Air pollutants can be in form of liquid droplets, solid particles or gases (Miller and Scott 2007). Volatile Organic Components are major outdoor air pollutants. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) is the organic chemicals with high levels of vapor pressure while at room-temperature conditions. This high vapor is as a result of a low boiling point. The low boiling point causes evaporation or sublimation of large numbers of molecules from the solid or liquid form of the compound and, therefore, enters in the surrounding air. Miller and Spoolman (2007) says that Formaldehyde is a good example of such; with a boiling point of -19 degrees Celsius (-2 degrees Farenheit). It slowly exits paint and gets into the air. This paper discusse s the effects of VOCs on the environmental pollution. The paper will also state policies that exist to ensure that the emission of VOCs minimizes. Automobiles are the most common means of transport in the world today. People are spending considerably long time on the road that ever before. This is due to road traffic or other roadway delays that always result in taking more time on shorter distances. Research shows that Americans spend more time inside their cars than any other means of transport. According to research by Kimbrell (2000), in 1995, people travelled more than 2.8 trillion miles by automobile. This figure was up by half a trillion miles witnessed five years earlier, and almost double the distance travelled in 1965 (Kimbrell 2000). Though most people realize the risks associated with using automobiles such as drunk drivers, speeding and road rage, very few are concerned or even aware of the health effects of air quality inside their cars and the surrounding environment. Ozone is the gas that appears in two layers of the atmosphere, stratosphere and troposphere. The good ozone layer (the stratospheric) extends upwar d at about ten to thirty miles above the earth. This ozone layer protects life on the earth from dangerous ultraviolet rays. On the other hand, the troposphere-which extends just ten miles above the earth surface is known as the ground level bad ozone. Being at the ground level, it means that it is an air pollutant with the potential of causing damages to human health, the vegetation, a lot of common materials and a key contributor of smog. Volatile Organic Compounds are a major contributor of the ground level pollution. They are widely used in a broad range of products for use in every-day life. In the automobiles, VOCs are used in products such as paint, fuel, degreasing products cleaning and disinfecting products. The automobiles, commercial, industrial and electric utilities that burn fuels are the primary sources of nitrogen oxide gases-highly reactive gases that when mixed with VOCs and sunlight forms the Ozone. Effects of Volatile Organic Compounds Though VOCs are not acutely toxic, they have compounding long term health effects. Research into Volatile Organic Compounds and their effects proves difficult because their concentrations are usually low and their symptoms are slow to develop. Stratospheric ozone depletion There are many organic compounds that are stable enough to stay in the atmosphere, survive the removal process by the troposphere and reach the stratosphere. However, if they contain bromine or chlorine substituents stratospheric photolysis and the hydroxyl radical destruction processes may cause the active destroying chain carriers of the ozone to be released. Further, it may stimulate the depletion of stratospheric ozone layer and formation of the Antarctic ozone hole.(Hester Harrison 1995 ). Ground level photochemical ozone formation VOCs, as well as other organic compounds are key ingredients of ground level photochemical oxidant formation. This is because they act as controllers of the oxidant production rate in areas where nitrogen oxides levels are enough to maintain ozone production. Hydrocarbons are those organic compounds that contribute in the photochemical production of the ozone (Hester Harrison 1995). Additionally, ground level ozone is a concern to the human health and also has effects on plants, crops and trees. According to the Geneva Protocol as quoted by Hester and Harrison (1995), increased concentrations of the ozone during summertime photochemical pollution instances might exceed the environmental criteria that is set to protect natural ecosystems and human health. These are concerns that led to the Geneva Protocol formulation which greatly support reduction in emissions and stipulates control actions. The depletion of ozone causes eye and skin cancer, cataracts, sunburns, and damage to the immune system. Toxic and Carcinogenic human health effects VOCs can have great impacts on the human health through both the direct mechanism and indirect impacts resulting from photochemical ozone formation. There are some organic compounds that will affect humans senses by their odour; others induce narcotic effects while there are certain species that are toxic. In addition, some organic compounds are carcinogenic; may introduce cancer to the human population (Hester and Harrison 2007). These compounds are termed as air toxics. Their control is, at present, a concern nationally and internationally; which involves many international forums. There is a wide range of chemicals that are coming under scrutiny in for this purpose. The most crucial compounds belonging to the air toxic category and distributed in the atmosphere include: benzene which has the potential of inducing leukemia; formaldehyde, a nasal carcinogen, polychlorinated biphenyl compounds (PCBs); polynuclear aromatic carbons-potential for lung cancer (iller and Spoolman 2007). Enhancing the global Green house effect Almost all the Volatile organic emissions emitted from human activities result in the atmospheric boundary layer-this is a shallow region belonging to the troposphere and next to the earths surface (Hester Harrison 1995). While most of them are rapidly oxidized in this layer, some may survive and proceed into the troposphere during events such as convection, passage of fronts and air masses over the mountains. Moreover, other long-lived compounds accumulate in the troposphere. If any of these is capable of absorbing terrestrial or solar infrared radiation, then it may enhance the greenhouse effect. Accumulation and persistence in the environment Some organic compounds with higher molecular mass persist enough survive the oxidation and removal processes on the boundary layer. They may move over long distances if while still in the rain. According to Hester and Harrison, (1995) the semi-volatile Volatile Organic compounds are a good example of this. They tend to sink permanently in cold environments of the polar regions. Their biological accumulation in such sensitive environs may cause human foodstuffs to reach toxic levels in areas very remote from where the original emission occurred. Smog is a brownish-yellow haze that can be seen blanketing the horizon sometimes in warmer months. Though it is made up of many contaminants, the main component of smog is the ground-level ozone. Volatile Organic Compounds are an important ingredient in the formation of the ozone. On human health, Miller and Spoolman (2007) indicate that smog can irritate the eyes, nose and throat. Some may cough and experience difficulties in breathing. These symptoms will, however, disappear with time but if one is repeatedly exposed, the damage continues deeper inside his/her lungs. On the vegetation, ozone damages forests and crops intensely as well. The ozone attacks the plants foliage thereby reducing the crops growth and yield. For instance, some environments in Canada have experienced losses worth millions of dollars in agriculture from destruction by the ozone (Matinoba 1995). Programs put in place to minimize VOC releases. The Volatile Organic Compounds emissions have been a concern to many including governments, environmental organizations and researchers. The EPA has played a role in reducing the air toxic pollutions.This is due to the steps it has taken in the race to reducing toxic air pollutants such as: reducing toxic emissions from industries; from vehicles through cleaner burning gasoline and stringent emission standards as well as addressing the issue of indoor air pollution by conducting voluntary programs. According to the U.S. EPA (2002), it had issued ninety six air toxic regulations touching on 174 categories of leading industrial sources such as oil refineries, chemical plants, steel mills and aerospace manufacturers. It also issued automobile and fuel emission control programs that have so far reduced air toxics. Most of these programs were established to primarily reduce the ozone through VOC. Policies touching on the architectural industries have also helped in reducing the emissions. In Canada, new regulations were put in place in 2009 to reduce the architectural coating products, for instance, coating agents, dyes, paint, varnish VOC emissions. Architectural coating is a product that is applied onto a substrate used on traffic surfaces including; highways and streets, curbs, berms, parking lots, sideways, stationary structures and airport runways. This action aimed at protecting Canadian national health and that of the environment (UN 2007). To reduce the VOC emissions resulting from the use of petrol, policies have been implemented to reduce emissions. Also changes are made in the components used to manufacture fuels. Canadian federal regulations of 1997 ensures that light duty vehicles and trucks are designed in a way that they will limit hydrocarbon emissions while refueling. A national regulation of the year 2000was adopted to limit the flow rate of dispensing petrol to a38 litres per minute maximum. There were, also, regulations to effectively limit benzene contained in gasoline to one percent volume since 1999 (UN 2007). In California, under the U.S Clean Air Act, all states must meet the federal air proved by the federal government. In Californias SIP is required to track and also control volatile Organic compounds emissions from the pesticides products that are used in agriculture and commercial structure applicators in 5 non-attainment areas(NAAS) The ARB is responsible for VOCs emissions from the pesticides in consumer products. This is policy was aimed at reducing smog-producing emissions that resulted from field fumigants (UN 2007). According to Biermann (2010), there are also global city partnerships, for example, the C40 network which aims at curbing the cities greenhouse emissions. It is an intergovernmental policy that possesses the potential of improving urban air quality by learning best practices and in consequence, mitigate organic gases emissions in an independent way; from national government. The automobile industry needs careful consideration in the future. It is clear that this industry is one of the most pollutant in the environment. The processes performed in automobile refinishing today are surface preparation, application of primer, applying the top coat and lastly spraying the equipment for clean up. During these steps, organic solvent evaporation occurs thus, causing the emission of VOCs. VOCs in motor vehicles in use can be produced by paint, cleaning agents and the fuel used. Therefore, the automobile has both inside and outside air pollution, whereas the outside seems less. Policies should be put to limit the emissions caused by motor vehicles and other equipments that involve the use of fuel.To reduce the VOC from vehicles, effort should be made to reduce its content of the coatings; employ equuipment modifications for improved transfer efficiency and reduced coating usage and engage in work practice modifications, for instance, solvent recycling so as to redu ce emissions from solvents during clean up operations. Regulations such as have been put in place to reduce these emissions. Environmental Protection Agency has previously proposed and instituted a new and more restrictive basic ozone standard that is under the National Ambient Air Quality Standard Program (NAAQSP), whose contribution is of great immense by regulating air pollutants that EPA deems unhealthy (EPA 2011). Ozone is a combination of many regulated pollutants, for instance nitrogen oxides and the volatile organic and non organic compounds. As a major program put in place intended to reduce ozone levels, organizations and area violating the new standards will have to reduce their emissions from sources that emit compounds of ozone, for instance, industrial machines, vehicles and electric utilities. Among other programs put in place include, inspection and maintenance programs which have been established in pollution rampant areas. This process requires that passenger vehicles to undergo periodic testing in order to ensure that malfunctioning emission control systems are in place. For instance in the USA, the congress normally and periodically amends the clean Air Act that will require further declines in hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and possible particulate emissions (Weather Explained). This programs amendments also introduce lower tailpipe standards. This are more advanced testing procedures. On the same note, new vehicle technologies and clean fuels programs have been instituted to regulate carbon emissions from them. Besides, new and clean fuels programs have been instituted that ensures a controlled transportation management provisions. The 1990 amendments for instance provides powers for EPA, to guarantees specific authority to regulate emissions from t he non -road vehicles and modes of transport. Disasters proposed by the government in a good number of industrial countries are intended to protect the quality of air. An example to this is the year of London tragedy, when the United States of America passed the Air Pollution Control Act that was directed to assist all the states in the process of controlling airborne pollutants. A stringent program, in 1963 the Clean Air Act began to place the authority for air quality into the hands of federal government. This far the Clean Air Act, with its 197- and 1990 amendments, have remained the principal air quality law among the United States of America (Encyclopedia 2010) The 1970 Clean Air Act and serious amendments that followed the establishment of Act of 1977 and 1990, have served and acted as the pillar program to regulate the amount of pollution in the USA. The introduction of this law ensured one of the most complex regulatory programs in the country. According to history, efforts to control air pollution in the U. S.A. dates back to the year 1881, a period when Chicago and Cincinnati passed laws to control smoke and soot from the factories of the city (Weather Explained). This resulted to other municipalities take soot and the momentum gained the ground. In the year 1952, Oregon was the first state to have adopted a significant program to regulate the cause of air pollution. The federal government, three year later became involved for the very first time in history, a time when the Control Act was passed. This law gave the provisions to grant funds to assist the states in their air pollution control activities. There has been a new program that has been instituted whose unprecedented cooperation between EPA and USDA will go a long way to find a way to assist producers in meeting their own and society goals for the sake of environmental quality and profitability. This program aims at providing assistance by conducting an incentive-based approach to combine information and education, research and field extension, technology transfer, financial assistance and technical assistance, based on Environmental Quality Incentive Program and farm bill programs. Are these programs justified? Avnet discovered the association between volatile organic compounds and financials. It did this by combining their customer feedback with it is operational and financial data to evaluate it is relationship between customer perception and behaviors. It found out that perceptions and preference do actually equate to financial gains. This provided additional justification for the executives to protect the environment against pollution. In the present, Air Quality methodologies have increasingly become more refined over the years to occupy the gap in the transportation industry and satisfy various requirements which include transportation conformity and various Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Program justification. A number of off-model methods continue to be developed and refined to enable grounds for innovativeness and some projects to account for reductions in the vehicle emissions. In this case, the most typical analysis is associated with vehicle Miles of Travel (VMT) reductions but reductions in emissions are likely to occur due to decreases in vehicular delay. They are not enough because these proposed programs only intend to regulate. Regulation is fair but not a long term solution. Also, some of these programs aim at controlling, which paradoxically may allow for energy crisis. These proposals should rather address the alternatives to the use of energy services in substitute to the polluting ones. For instance, a comparison between ethane on a mass basis should strike the right balance between a threshold that is low enough to capture the compounds that significantly affect ozone concentration and threshold that is high enough to substitute some of those compounds that may be useful in return for highly reactive compounds. Lastly, new technologies should come up where gap exists or where existing technologies are insensitive to detect low level of chemical pollutions. Buy custom Volatile Organic Compounds essay

Killing Animals Essays

Killing Animals Essays Killing Animals Essay Killing Animals Essay Ever wonder how animals are being processed in the industry? Well I can only tell you that it’s one hell of a disaster, but it’s our way of life being human. We humans have been killing animals for survival since we have been evolved. Long time ago there were no rights or laws for killing a certain animals because the human population was very modest. Killings animals since the Stone Age has been done because we needed the food, fur to survive and sustain life. Nowadays we struggle to keep the animals population abroad, as many species are being extinct. This is a problem because of the global warming, and climate changing all around the world. Also how animals are being hunted down just for the joy or for food. This brings a serious cause because most of the animals are in the endangered species list, and almost being extinct. Most people don’t even know what happing when animals are being hunted down and ignoring the cause, this is why the media should spread the news so people can witness, and see what the hell is going on. This also will encourage some people to fight for stricter laws on animal abuse. Innocent animals are being use for lab experiments, for the safety of new products for us humans to buy later in the future. This brings a lot of confusion why animals are tested for human products as we two species are different in many ways. Another argument is rare breed of animals are being killed for their fur to be used for fashion. Animals are being test in laboratory every day which causes death to most of them or just a defect part of their body. Now, it’s a tradition to humans to ensure the safety of consumer products and drugs around the world, scientist and regulators work together to develop alternative for their use. Animal testing dates back to ancient Greece to research medical experiments. As animals have being used for a long time, people have expressed concerns about animals testing and research. Killing animals have been a top priority when it comes to agriculture. Agriculture has dominated the industrialized facilities that maximize profits and has been treating animals as they are nothing to the world. We go kill, sell, buy, eat, wear every animal on the planet every day; this is how we keep our lives sustainable. It has been reported that we have killed over nine billion chickens, pigs, cattle, turkeys, sheep’s, goats, ducks, and geese annually in the United States. As we all look into it, there are tons of disadvantages that still apply today. Now a days more animals are being scientifically fed to grow fast and meaty, so much for brings the extinction of organically feed. There are very little farms with no contract that offer animals that are naturally fed. As some people say, we live in a strange world, but to me it seems to be sustainable on the things we do. The way we do agriculture is now a culture for the human life. Yes the things we do are sometimes the things we regret. Killing an animal can scar us for life and some people don’t like that, that’s why there are established groups of protest and attack the company’s. Sometimes it works sometimes it doesn’t. For my option on animal torture, there should be an alternative way because I just don’t like to see animals being tested and tortured. On the other hand, killing animals that are raised for food is wrong for a vegetarian because they don’t eat meat. It’s defiantly fine to kill animals and eat them because we actually need to eat meat for protein. It just that we don’t see how they are processed though the factory which most people don’t know. In the essay â€Å"the Evil of Animal Rights† by Alex Epstein and Yaron Boork, the authors explain how scientist are closer than ever to finding the cures for AIDS, cancer, and other deadly diseases. As most people depend on these types of people some people are against like the â€Å"Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty† formally known as the SHAC. These people protest against the animals use for laboratory work. They protest outside of businesses and the employees of the Huntingdon employees. When it comes to pathos for this essay, it brings a lot of emotions on how we use innocent animals for everything. However, this is the only way how we can only solve our health problems for us humans and even other animals. A life of an animal butcher can be rough and depressing as Suzanne Winkler explains in her essay â€Å"A Savage Life†. Every few years Winckler butchers chickens with a friend named Chuck. Chuck buys the chicks and matures them for 10 weeks. When they are ready to be butchered, Winckler does her job. Pathos is explained in this essay when Winckler goes into detail on how backbreaking her job is; working from 10pm to 6pm. She also goes into detail on how messy it is, and how it brings a lot of emotions. However she has overcome and knows her duties because it has been passed on generation to generation from her family. Millions of animals are being killed for agriculture and tested for products for us. This is how we live now and there is no going back. Most people don’t know and don’t care and some people do. This is how we live to sustain our lives and it has been mostly successful. If animals test and help cure the worlds deadly diseases, that’s should be fine for the most of us. It just all the animal’s torture is wrong and should be an alternative way of finding it.

Cylinder Deactivation Variable Engine Displacement

Cylinder Deactivation Variable Engine Displacement What is cylinder deactivation? It is a method used to create a variable displacement engine that is able to supply the full power of a large engine under high load conditions as well as the fuel economy of a small engine for cruising. The Case for Cylinder Deactivation In typical light load driving with large displacement engines (e.g. highway cruising), only about 30 percent of an engine’s potential power is utilized. Under these circumstances, the throttle valve is only slightly open and the engine has to work hard to draw air through it. The result is an inefficient condition known as pumping loss. In this situation, a partial vacuum occurs between the throttle valve and the combustion chamber- and some of the power that the engine makes is used not to propel the vehicle forward, but to overcome the drag on the pistons and crank from fighting to draw air through the small opening and the accompanying vacuum resistance at the throttle valve. By the time one piston cycle is complete, up to half of the potential volume of the cylinder has not received a full charge of air. Cylinder Deactivation to the Rescue Deactivating cylinders at light load forces the throttle valve be opened more fully to create constant power, and allows the engine to breathe easier. Better airflow reduces drag on the pistons and the associated pumping losses. The result is improved combustion chamber pressure as the piston approaches top dead center (TDC) and the spark plug is about to fire. Better combustion chamber pressure means a more potent and efficient charge of power is unleashed on the pistons as they thrust downward and rotate the crankshaft. The net result? Improved highway and cruising fuel mileage. How Does it All Work? In a nutshell, cylinder deactivation is simply keeping the intake and exhaust valves closed through all cycles for a particular set of cylinders in the engine. Depending on the design of the engine, valve actuation is controlled by one of two common methods: For pushrod designs- when cylinder deactivation is called for- the hydraulic valve lifters are collapsed by using solenoids to alter the oil pressure delivered to the lifters. In their collapsed state, the lifters are unable to elevate their companion pushrods under the valve rocker arms, resulting in valves that cannot be actuated and remain closed.For overhead cam designs, generally a pair of locked-together rocker arms is employed for each valve. One rocker follows the cam profile while the other actuates the valve. When a cylinder is deactivated, solenoid controlled oil pressure releases a locking pin between the two rocker arms. While one arm still follows the camshaft, the unlocked arm remains motionless and unable to activate the valve. By forcing the engine valves to remain closed, an effective â€Å"spring† of air is created inside the deactivated cylinders. Trapped exhaust gasses (from previous cycles before the cylinders were deactivated) are compressed as the pistons travel on their upstroke and then decompressed and push back on the pistons as they return on their down stroke. Because the deactivated cylinders are out of phase, (some pistons traveling up while others are traveling down), the overall effect is equalized. The pistons are actually just going along for the ride. To complete the process, fuel delivery for each deactivated cylinder is cut-off by electronically disabling the appropriate fuel injection nozzles. The transition between normal operation and deactivation is smoothed by subtle changes in ignition and camshaft timing as well as throttle position all managed by sophisticated electronic control systems. In a well-designed and executed system, the switching back-and-forth between both modes is seamless- you really don’t feel any difference and have to consult the dash gauges to know that its happened. Read more about cylinder deactivation at work in our review of the GMC Sierra SLT flex-fuel, and see the instant fuel economy it generates in the GMC Sierra test drive photo gallery.

Promoting language and literacy in early childhood Essay

Promoting language and literacy in early childhood - Essay Example Over the past fewer decades, however, the Hong Kong Government has taken a number of positive steps to ensure that early childhood programs provide a minimum level of acceptable quality of care and education. This paper focuses on the critical examination of the statement: â€Å"identification of the focus/ challenges of early language and/ or literacy learning in Hong Kong. Hence, thereby based on the focus or challenges that have been identified, a 5-day lesson plan in considerate to the language section only has been made that would highlight how addressing such issues would cover the learning needs of young learner(s). The importance behind writing this paper is its highlighting various issues that need to be considered while providing children with an educational environment which is conducive to bilingual development or literacy improvement in Honk Kong Kindergarten Education. The Hong Kong Special Region of China in Administration covers 1040 sq. kilometers. It has a population of more than 6.8 million. With the formation fo Sino- British Joint declaration. Described as one of the â€Å"barren island with hardly any house upon it† in the mid-1800s, by 1990s Hong Kong became the territory with the higher (GDP) in Asia. With a higher rate of population and greater GDP Hong Kong became one of the major senders of students abroad for their further studies. As one of the former British colony along with an international gateway to the Mainland of great China, Hong Kong aims to make itself as a bilateral (Chinese and English) along with a trilingual (Cantonese, English, and Putonghua) society. Although by seeing the statistics from 2006 by-census it shows that around 95% of the Hong Kong population is an ethnic Chinese(Hong Kong Government, 2006), both the Chinese and English are the ones official language. With the rapid development in the pre-school policy

Epidemiology Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Epidemiology - Research Proposal Example The beginning issue of a case-control study is topics with the infection or status under study (cases). The cases' annals of exposure or other characteristics, or both, former to onset of the infection, is noted through interview and occasionally via notes and other sources. A evaluation assembly comprising of persons without the infection under study (controls) are assembled, and their past annals is noted in the identical way as for the cases. The reason of the command assembly is to supply an approximate of the frequency and allowance of exposure in topics in the community without the infection being studied. Whereas the cohort study is worried with frequency of infection in revealed and non-exposed persons, the case-control study is worried with the frequency and allowance of exposure in topics with a exact infection (cases) and persons without the infection (controls). In case-control investigations, facts and numbers are not accessible to assess the incidence rate of the infection being investigated, and the genuine relation risk will not be determined. The assess of association between exposure and incident of infection in case-control investigations is the so-called odds ratio: the ratio of odds of exposure in unhealthy topics to the odds of exposure in the non-diseased. ... Advantages: 1. Allow entire data on the subject's exposure, encompassing value command of facts and numbers, and know-how thereafter. 2. Provide a clear temporal sequence of exposure and disease. 3. Give an opening to study multiple conclusions associated to a exact exposure. 4. Permit assessment of incidence rates (absolute risk) as well as relation risk. 5. Methodology and outcomes are effortlessly appreciated by non-epidemiologists. 6. Enable the study of somewhat uncommon exposures. Disadvantages 1. Not matched for the study of uncommon infections because a large number of topics is required. 2. Not matched when the time between exposure and infection manifestation is very long, whereas this can be overwhelm in chronicled cohort studies. 3. Exposure patterns, for demonstration the composition of oral contraceptives, may change throughout the course of the study and make the outcomes irrelevant. 4. Maintaining high rates of follow-up can be difficult. 5. Expensive to convey out because a large number of topics is generally required. 6. Baseline facts and numbers may be sparse because the large number of topics does not permit for long interviews. Case-control studies Advantages 1. Permit the study of uncommon diseases. 2. Permit the study of infections with long latency between exposure and manifestation. 3. Can be commenced and undertook over somewhat short time periods. 4. Relatively cheap as contrasted to cohort studies. 5. Can study multiple promise determinants of disease. Disadvantages 1. Information on exposure and past annals is mainly founded on interview and may be subject to recall bias. 2. Validation of data on exposure is tough, or incomplete, or even

Factoring Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Factoring - Essay Example Even though, it was not highly developed in the early centuries, major improvements have taken place in the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. The factoring of Greatest common factors was developed in a mounting manner, with the leaders embracing it. Factoring was a royal sport which, Kings sponsored inform of contests, and the ones who emerged best in Europe went from court to court to display their skills. Techniques of trinomial factoring were secrets that were closely guarded, and topics of betrayals and intrigues. According to Mano, (pg 16) it was also developed because it helps in proving theorems in the modern number theorem such as unique factorization. It also made the computation of GCD of big numbers more efficient since it does not require more steps in division than five times the digits number (base 10) of the lesser integer. Trinomial factoring is generally aimed at improving complex integral operations and making them simpler. In medical fields, Fractional trinomials have been suggested in studies involving epidemics to investigate functional forms of continuous predictor variables. In clinics, it has been more desirable categorize patients into various prognosis groups. E.g. children, youths and adults, or diagnosis groups .E.g. ulcer, tumor and cancer. Medical distributional measures like lower, middle and upper quartile is usually done in classified age groups (e.g. 15-20, 21-25†¦). It makes hospital operations involving numbers easier than when done in other ways. Man, Carlos. "The History of Polynomial Factoring | eHow.com." eHow | Articles & More - Discover the expert in you. | eHow.com. N.p., n.d. Web. Nov. 2012.

Developing Organisational Capacity (ALDI) Essay

Developing Organisational Capacity (ALDI) - Essay Example An efficient training and development program for a company involves systematic steps and procedures before, during, and after the training process, which must be adhered to, in order to achieve the objectives of the training and development process (Hameed & Waheed 2011). Before undertaking training, a company ought to ensure that it creates a conducive environment for training and that it is able to sustain the training process. During training, it is important that the mind of the trainee is transformed in order to ensure utilization of training knowledge. On the other hand, after training, a company ought to ensure that the trainees have gained the necessary knowledge and skills. In addition, it is important to evaluate the training strategies and tools to ensure their effectiveness in future (Hameed & Waheed 2011). Overall, the HRM of a company must ensure effectiveness in is practice and strategies, to achieve company goals. Analysis of the Training and Development Processes at Aldi Aldi is one of the companies that are committed to training and development of their employees. This company follows systematic process in training and developing its employees (Brandes & Brandes 2012). ... This ensures that a company has the appropriate number of employees, with the relevant skills for their job. Workforce planning is also important as it helps in the identification of gaps in the skills of employees, and addressing them in order to achieve goals (Brandes & Brandes 2012). Since Aldi plans to expand by opening more stores, it is important that the company perform an analysis of the skills that employees will need to have. In addition, the type of training to be undertaken by employees also will need to be decided. This will help Aldi to sustain its competitiveness in the market, since the company will have employees with the right skills, thus minimal knowledge and skills gap. In addition, this will help the company fill any gaps created within its workforce due to promotions of some employees in the company (Brandes & Brandes 2012). Aldi also ensures that it employs the right people by specifying the job requirements in their vacancy advertisements. Job descriptions fo r employees, which are well developed, serve as a tool for communication. These bear the responsibilities of the employee, the qualifications, and experience, as well as the relationships of the specified job with other job positions (Hameed & Waheed 2011). This therefore, helps to give the applicant a direction and determines to them whether they are relevant for the job or not. This also communicates the employer’s expectations of the potential employee. Nonetheless, this is important for both the company and the employees. For employees, it gives them directions about what is expected of them in the job. For the company, this ensures that the right candidates, with relevant skills are

Journalism, mass media and communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Journalism, mass media and communication - Essay Example Journalism, mass media and communication In my case my goals coincided with the group’s goal. But there were many who joined us for leisure, for publicity etc, undermining the combined thought of the group. Answer 2: Groups sometimes carry formal rules well stated and expressed. In my case, we decided to wear black shirts to exhibit our protest from our attire and each and every participant was bound to wear it. Although they were provided free of cost. Our demonstration needed emotionally charged expression, although not stated, but every individual portrayed this norm. However our group was leaded by some of the extraordinary individuals to be the best representative of our cause. The rules were clearly stated since the day group formation began and most rules were stated by group leaders like the gathering of all members, timings, location etc. But as the demonstrations began, all the group members of our campus were reflective of our identity. Answer 3: Although norms are suitable group standards, defining roles leads the development of expected behavior pattern of members. In my case, the selection of leaders, and then there assistants was made to define their specific roles within our group. Although the leaders were not mentioned to be the head but they reached that level as we started following them. So they acquired this position due to their innate leadership qualities and played an informal role in our group. The informal roles are categorized into two categories, social and task. Task roles lead the group to its goals while social roles help in bringing cohesiveness among group members. Answer4 One of the ways for classifying groups is their decision making criteria. In our groups mostly used decision making criteria is for running into consensus that involves bringing all members to one point. However, this is not the only method adopted, in cases where consensus is unachievable; majority control is adopted that i s a reflective of democracy. In cases where one of our members has a core competency, group does rely on that member in decision making on that subject. But, the minority control approach has not been applied in any of several groups formed during the course of study. As most of groups I belonged were due to dependency regarding intellectual sharing, therefore, at times the development of group leader diverts decision making towards authority control. Answer5 As group members perform differing roles within the group, the power inherited in these roles may lead to development of political situation within the group. It is well known that those who have any sort of power may influence the behavior of others. Some power is inherited with the position of a group member. For example those given the position of leader automatically develop the feel of being authoritarian over others. Such power is usually considered as legitimate. At times the behavior of other group members can be contro lled due to coercive power. For example, imposing fines on any noncompliance with the group’s norms and rules is a result of exercising coercive power. And if the behavior of others is influenced by providing rewards as a reinforcing technique for desirable consequences, such power results from the positive way of influencing others and usually termed as reward power. The expert power stems from being a

Developing Organisational Capacity (ALDI) Essay

Developing Organisational Capacity (ALDI) - Essay Example An efficient training and development program for a company involves systematic steps and procedures before, during, and after the training process, which must be adhered to, in order to achieve the objectives of the training and development process (Hameed & Waheed 2011). Before undertaking training, a company ought to ensure that it creates a conducive environment for training and that it is able to sustain the training process. During training, it is important that the mind of the trainee is transformed in order to ensure utilization of training knowledge. On the other hand, after training, a company ought to ensure that the trainees have gained the necessary knowledge and skills. In addition, it is important to evaluate the training strategies and tools to ensure their effectiveness in future (Hameed & Waheed 2011). Overall, the HRM of a company must ensure effectiveness in is practice and strategies, to achieve company goals. Analysis of the Training and Development Processes at Aldi Aldi is one of the companies that are committed to training and development of their employees. This company follows systematic process in training and developing its employees (Brandes & Brandes 2012). ... This ensures that a company has the appropriate number of employees, with the relevant skills for their job. Workforce planning is also important as it helps in the identification of gaps in the skills of employees, and addressing them in order to achieve goals (Brandes & Brandes 2012). Since Aldi plans to expand by opening more stores, it is important that the company perform an analysis of the skills that employees will need to have. In addition, the type of training to be undertaken by employees also will need to be decided. This will help Aldi to sustain its competitiveness in the market, since the company will have employees with the right skills, thus minimal knowledge and skills gap. In addition, this will help the company fill any gaps created within its workforce due to promotions of some employees in the company (Brandes & Brandes 2012). Aldi also ensures that it employs the right people by specifying the job requirements in their vacancy advertisements. Job descriptions fo r employees, which are well developed, serve as a tool for communication. These bear the responsibilities of the employee, the qualifications, and experience, as well as the relationships of the specified job with other job positions (Hameed & Waheed 2011). This therefore, helps to give the applicant a direction and determines to them whether they are relevant for the job or not. This also communicates the employer’s expectations of the potential employee. Nonetheless, this is important for both the company and the employees. For employees, it gives them directions about what is expected of them in the job. For the company, this ensures that the right candidates, with relevant skills are

Personal financial planning report for Ms Lucy Hargreaves Essay

Personal financial planning report for Ms Lucy Hargreaves - Essay Example The report further plans to develop and implement an appropriate action plan so that all objectives are achieved at most optimum utilisation and allocation of scarce resources. Considering the fact that the system is composed of both systematic and unsystematic risks and also that the future is uncertain, it will be logical to make some important assumptions in the report so that the outcomes appear more realistic. The report is sub-divided into separate sections highlighting specific aspects related to financial plan. For your convenience, all calculations are included and confined to the Appendices section of this report to maintain clarity of presentation. The report begins with a summary of your priorities and objectives, followed by an outline of your probable attitude towards risk. Then the report makes an assessment of your current financial situation based on the objectives and assumptions and finally the report concludes with recommendations on how you will be able to achiev e your goals. 2) Goals & Objectives 2.1) Immediate Objectives The most apparent immediate objectives are as follows: Protection of your current investments Prioritise financial security for yourself and your family considering the fact that your brother is currently unemployed and lives with your parents Prepare a coherent investment plan for investments in OEIC as the stocks are not performing well currently Protect the capital invested by investing in less risky assets as you have low appetite for risk You are concerned that you might end up paying higher taxes to authorities on your savings and investments and hence you need proper tax planning 2.2) Long-term Goals To save towards a deposit scheme on flat at some time in the near future You are also interested to join a pension scheme so as to achieve financial security even after your retirement (Age UK, 2013) Both your parents are teachers and are planning to retire in 5 years implying that investment in a pension scheme is mus t for future financial security (Standard Life, 2013) Your father has minor health issues but it would be safe to plan proper health insurance scheme in advance so that during situations of emergencies your family is protected Tax savings from incomes and investments In order to achieve the above mentioned objectives, it is important that the report considers aspects of personal retirement planning, risk management, education funding, mortgage planning, and tax planning. It is also important to remember that financial risk arise from debt obligations and hence a part of saving s and investments must also be channelled towards payment of existing liabilities or debts (like use of credit cards and unsecured debts). 3) Current Scenario Analysis On our first appointment I came to know about the fact that you have already purchased Gilt securities worth ?1,500, shortly after your graduation. The primary reason that you have invested in this type of asset class is that you consider Gilts as less risky investment. It was also given that a couple of years ago you purchased OEIC

Costs and Benefits of Inflation Essay Example for Free

Costs and Benefits of Inflation Essay High inflation has many costs: Inflation erodes the value of money. When future prices are less predictable, sensible spending and saving plans are harder to make. People increasingly fear that their future purchasing power will decline and erode their standard of living. Inflation encourages investments that are speculative and take advantage of inflation rather than productive investment. It can also create the illusion of temporary financial success while masking fundamental economic problems. Businesses and households must spend more time, and money, protecting themselves from the effects of rising costs and prices. Businesses, workers, and investors respond to signs of inflation by pushing up prices, wages, and interest rates to protect themselves. This can lead to a â€Å"vicious circle† of rising inflation. Inflation can mean particular hardship for those whose incomes don’t keep pace with the rising level of prices, especially people on fixed incomes such as senior citizens who are receiving pensions. Low inflation has many benefits: Consumers and businesses are better able to make long-range plans because they know that their money is not losing its purchasing power year after year. Interest rates, both in nominal and real terms, are lower, encouraging investment to improve productivity and allowing businesses to prosper without raising prices. Sustained low inflation is self reinforcing. Businesses and individuals do not react so quickly to short-term price pressures by seeking to raise prices and wages if they are confident that inflation is under long-term control. This contributes to keeping inflation low.

The Dominant Ideologies Shaping Educational Policies Politics Essay

The Dominant Ideologies Shaping Educational Policies Politics Essay An ideology that combines all and provides relevance to the developmental needs of the people; is an instrument of society development ideology that is appropriate and sensitive to the peculiar needs of the people, therefore these ideologies might resolve the imbalances in societies (Giroux and McLaren 1989). Ordinarily, the mention of ideology takes everyones mind to capitalism or socialism, with much of the British and European media and political agenda focused on migration and the removal of citizenship from the national curriculum, little attention has been given to multicultural education in comparison. For many in the United Kingdom (UK), multicultural and citizenship may seem unproblematic; it is rarely reported outside the educational sphere and recently attracts limited political attention. However, in this essay I will explore the increasing drive for the global capitalist market, incepted in western society but now common in the diaspora, which has at its core in the postcolonial notion of establishing western values. The ever increasing globalisation of education is leading to the homogenisation of cultural consumption across transnational boundaries. Despite the British empires historic links with the commonwealth, including America (super power) we are witnessing global tendencies from Asian nations (India and China) that are simultaneously complementary and contradictory as they become economic giants on their own grounds; It also erases the interconnections between the accumulation of wealth and the development of the former colonial powers and the impoverishment of the former colonies. In this essay I will consider some of the core ideology of ethnicity, identity, race in a cultural hybridity and will argue that the increasing globalisation of education has been furthered through a variety of complex processes, both local and global, that have been strategised by nationalism as a political ideology to control and maintain the labour market, through the context of community formation, multiculturalism, civil society, equal opportunities and social rights, I will explain how the ideology of language of the community, citizenship assumed to give ethic groups and the working class a voice, has been refashioned to appeal to nationalist through the inequalities in education, gender and the rhetoric of a global cultural identity and a sense of belonging which is becoming imperative to the second and third generation ethnic groups due to their experiences of marginalisation in British culture. I will show how different ideologies affect critical pedagogy in global and loca l education, how this in turn contributes to the limitations in the use of critical thinking skills within education. I will analyse the core principles of postmodernism by unravelling the factors that seem to shape educational policies. The theoretical cultural and social debate will be on the values, knowledge, belief systems across the capitalist local and global markets. The model citizenship as the legal concept of citizenship, can be contestable the need to demand rights are not yet embedded in the capitalist market structure. This essay is thus framed by resurgent British nationalisms nurtured by an antagonistic apathy towards histories and legacies of an empire and a sudden, sharper, more urgent focus within this multidisciplinary area on counterterrorism, criminalisation, institutional racism, and Black women as a political (all non-white are classified as black). Bell Hooks states: that we need a global political consciousness or awareness of the local economic, political, social and cultural conditions that shape the lives of women in different parts of the world (Hooks, B : 1990). When exploring multicultural ideologies and the strands of race, culture, gender, citizenship it is important to understand its concept and how it differs from ethnicity and the strands used within the global and local educational system. Ethnicity is often confused with the placement of ones origin, particularly by those in west; therefore it is important to provide a distinction at this stage. What the term multiculturalism or the ideology of mass culture are the collective forms of sociality which give rise to instrumental concepts, in particular the way society views and sees the world and how the dominant cultures are deemed to be socially necessary (Calhoun.et el 1999: Hill 2003). In these themes of racial and social class as well as the insidious themes of gender and language that already exist in multiculturalism are brought together in a new repressive conception of postmodernism, neo-liberal capitalism, nation state formation, education and the economic sector . These aspects are then combined together in a postmodernist narrative that attempts to create a re-structuring of education that has taken place under pressure from local and international capitalist organisations and compliant governments. A new world- space has commenced based on the politically effective conception of worldwide restructuring of education systems as part of the ideological and policy offensive by neo-liberal Capital (Hill 2003). Consequently, the privatisation of public and the introduction of private local and global agencies to services can be termed as authoritarian can lead to the destabilisation of non- conforming local authorities and governments (ibid), and for that reason they are also referred to as the armed cavalries of the USA or its allies and surrogates (ibid). This can be problematic for some. Dave Hill argues that it is inappropriate to create such competitiveness and power within social institution especially as they do not share all the universal attributes to the more capitalist economy of growth, selection, exclusion and inequalities (ibid). He further states that they would seem better described as expressions of social and national conflict, where the cultural and national identities are heavily informed by a Globally shared educational system or its portrayal of an institution that in fact serves the interests of a narrow class of people but appears to serve the interests of everyone (Hill p. 12). Therefore I would agree that with its ideas of identity, liberation, culture, community, language, citizenships, gender, nation and race, the pursuit of an immigration quota based on status and monetary asserts deemed as the points system to curtail the immigrant population, shows the need for reform on the illusion of the welfare, equal opportunity and free society we claim to be. Inequalities have increased which have an effect on the gendered, class and racial attitudes towards the working class, ethnic minorities and women. The global neo-liberalism has resulted in creating a two tier society of have and have nots as those with the cultural and economic capital have social mobility and good education which in turn creates an automatic climb up the hierarchy ladder. Furthermore, the eradication of the national curriculum has led to several political powers imposing their own ideologies in education. As Hicks explains neoliberal and neoconservative ideologies in western education has seen the onslaughts of failing schools, the terminology of bad teachers being vocalised in all arenas, nonetheless the undermining of teachers as educators to challenge thinking has also changed (Not known p4). There is less autonomy and more pupil dependence. However, for the purposes of this essay, I see the conflation of the terms of multicultural, intercultural, assimilation, integration and nationalism as models problematic within the education system, and therefore I might interchange how they are used. Ideologies can be classified as a set ideas produced by the dominant class of society to the all the members of society. Ideologies are mainly applied to matters in the public domain and as such are central to politics. Which implies the dominant factor is the political arena. Marx associated the term with class struggle and domination, Habermas viewed ideology as a space to share and communicate ideas at a grassroots. West and Hall talk about the institutional functioning of cultural politics of difference which can also be aligned with social integration. Ideologies can be implemented on a local or global scale, the basic instigator of political ideologies should be human affairs, which form a series of ideologies. Ideologies encompass the concept of an idea and the only way, this format is evident in political ideologies within the education domain (add example here from edu page). Ideology can also describe the shared beliefs of a nation, especially in Britain today as immigratio n, nationalism as a political ideology versus multiculturalism, are setting the discourse tone of debate. In social democratic countries the government takes the sole responsibility for regulating political and economic conditions. The political ideologies of social democracy are centre-left of the political spectrum based on progressive, social liberation and social democracy; it can also include democratic socialism, modern liberalism and green politics. Modern liberalism and social democracy are the dominant ideologies within a capitalist global market. A mixed economy encompasses both private enterprise and publicly owned programs of education, health and child care predominant in a welfare state were social rights based on the right to work and a basic standard of living is paramount for all citizens. Equal rights and opportunity are regulated by government bodies to protect the interest of the labour force and fair market competition, immigration and multiculturalism, I reiterate are dominant discourses. Trevor Philips opposed multiculturalism in British society and instead argued for interculturalism, due to the vast amount of parallel communities in Britain and he argued for inter-culturalism as a means to value polarity and understand other cultures that exist in Britain, because of the existing parallel communities. Philip stated that by ensuring no single identity was predominant, the loose of individual identity will be assimilated into the dominant culture (Baldwin and Rozenberg 2004). West and Hall, talk about cultural policies of difference, how race defines cultural theory, its reflection and how the role of culture can be challenged. But by de- essentialising and understanding the political potential; of British African Caribbean and Asian vernacular cultures can also challenge a national identity, which will further empower the far rights argument for exclusion (Hall 1996). Capitalism spread by social relations in culture and capitalism has ensured the privatisation of every day commodities are now under the private domain for instance water , the rail service and education being represented with the introduction of academies (educational institutions run by private organisations), building school for the future (BSF) based on private funding being matched by local authority monies. Critics of postcolonial theory of politics state how the representation under capitalist hybridity has become commodified, in the conformation hybridity reinforces the context of all cultures are separate then they mix as it deflects attention from real marginalisation of racialised groups, yet under market capitalism hybridity has become commodified and its resistance subsumed. Capitalism attempts to govern the counter narratives of racialised groups by coercing Bri tish African Caribbean and Asian cultural producers into producing problematic representations of difference (Hooks 1992). Within the political realm several parties claim to be progressive the Labour party and currently the Liberal Democrats and the Conservatives. The avocation of progressive education has been in the fore front of the coalition government. As in the political parties different educational models exist; the human capitalist, progressive, religious and indigenous. I will focus on the human capitalist model. Despite the homogenous ideologies developed under globalisation of education as mainly western culture politically involving only the most powerful nations, this culture production has meant the exclusive domain gives political powers the ability to code and un-code the commercial dimensions of the global market. The notion of numerous, bounded cultures, communities, nationalities and races reflected in Britain according to the political sphere has become normalised and naturalised. The first definition of culture did not concern itself with politics and the state. In the fifteenth c entury culture was associated with agriculture and horticulture. However, colonialism became a key point in its political history, a second meaning began to emerge in the sixteenth century as the European expansion went hand in hand with scientific concepts of race, reason and development. Many colonised nations threatened and insecure by the economical powerful western nations have continued to reflect the notion of underdevelopment, often with extreme views of West is best. Throughout, the centuries the definition of culture evolved, into the period of enlightenment roughly dated as the seventeenth to the late nineteenth century. Culture was redefined as social development, European society was positioned as the panicle of cultural development and its role was to develop or civilise the rest of the world. Hill (2003) cites McMurtry (1999) market model, the so-called free-market model is not a free market at all, like Calhoun et al stated (1992) the free market/free labour market does not exist. Instead we have a global corporate market this model is now predominant in the local and global educational sector. More recently, the market models political goals executed through the domination of neo-conservation and neo-liberalism have transformed the parameters in Britain and America and, significantly impacted on how global education in a civil society is organised worldwide. With its slogans of Education, Education, Education, the previous labour party won the election, yet their values under Tony Blair were rooted in neo-conservation as they introduced academies and building schools for the future which are private sector models. From 1970 the British Conservative government lead by Margaret Thatcher was opposed to the welfare state, its order was to explode the privatisation of national assets and deregulate the market to encourage business, which was followed by a the changing face of education (Kymlicka, (2003) Pg. 154 : Hicks 2003). Both Kymlicka and Hicks provided theoretical insights and made substantial contributions to the political economy in education and the political frameworks of education. Kymlicka dealt with the use of citizens to implement principles of the multicultural state away from the dominant national group, Hicks showed the contribution of neoliberal and neoconservative in bringing out the changes within the education sector. Hicks proposed an interrogation of these two ideologies in education and the effect on society whereas Kymlicka focused on the elimination of assimilation and exclusionary nation building policies with the introduction of multicultural reforms. Both authors brought out the political ideologies of the global economy as related to education and both authors used theoretical perspectives to highlight their individual insights. Hicks discussed how values and belief systems can be used to focus on the free market economics as the foundation for a vibrant economy rather than state controlled capitalism. Kymlicka also focused on cultural dimensions and politics of communication as the underlying factors for social change. Hicks highlighted the conflicts of interest that are seen in citizenship and education with the new conservative traditional curriculum. He provided different critical perspectives and arguments on various dimensions of politics, sociology and cultural anthropology within the context of preconceived ideologies and how they shape the nature of education according to the skills gained to reinforce the global market. Hicks looked at attempts to transform the enterprise culture with radical ideologies such futures and sustainability school, as he saw the contradiction in the political ideologies which essentially use the state to subdue valuable educational choices to the masses. (Hicks pp3-6). Both authors used a wide range of social and political dimensions in explaining their viewpoints and whereas Hicks analyses brings out the relationship between capitalism, globalisation and nationalism, Kymlicka focused on capital and global economy and its relationship with citizenship and multicultural societies. Both showed how strategies and politics are set up at the centre of profits and economic pursuits. Hicks and Kymlicka highlighted the economic impact of neo-liberal and neo-conservatism and offered substantial analysis of the role capitalist economies, market forces, past historical injustices, multiculturalism and politics in the global culture of education aimed at all citizens and not just the dominant group (Kymlicka, (2003) Pg. 154 : Hicks 2003). One of the key elements of critical thinking skills in education has been eradicated by the dominance of the prescribed national curriculum and the political pressure to achieve outstanding results. Hill (2003) states how Neo-liberal policies both in the UK and globally have resulted in a loss of Equity, Economic and Social Justice, of Democracy and democratic accountability, critical thought within a culture of performativity In this part of the essay I will focus on challenges faced by educators when introducing critical thinking skills. Although not the only factor in this essay critical theory represents a particular ideology of independent thinking that aims to give citizens the ability to function without being consistently herded like cattle by the political powers. Hill (2003) states, Hayek liberal theory was aimed to show that the labour market needs were inferior as opposed to the superiority of the ruling classes. This was facilitated through the age of neo-liberalism and Thatcherite polity an era where the rights of the workers were slowly being eroded, such as teachers pensions, as a more business like language is being implemented in education. As well as the needs of the economy dictating the principal aims of school education, the world of business is also to supply a model of how it is to be provided and managed. Suppression of oppositional critical thought and much autonomous thought and education. But education is not a commodity, to be bought and sold. One can buy the means to an education, but not the hard graft of autonomous learning itself (Hicks 2003). Little attention has been given to critical thinking within the state sector of education because of the political implications, however in the aftermath of all the global unrest and the medias concentration on Africa and Middle Eastern unrest, the British public most not fail to realise the power of this universal trend of political control. The critical thinkers and radical theorist did not have far to look to find a basis for their theories, in the writings of intellectuals such as Paulo Freire, Hicks and Hooks were the allusions to race and critical thinking merge, however, it was in the writings of McLaren and Baltodano that support the argument for critical thinking and was based primarily on reclaiming schools, teacher education and the advantages to reclaiming schools determined social transformation in conservative capitalist times and can be accomplished by parental, students and communities. This ideology of critical thinking can act as a foundation for an inclusive Britis h society and would foster social justice and pride in multicultural identity, but also shape the political culture of identity in Britain. As Hooks states identity constitution is always based on excluding something and establishing a hierarchy divide and rule. Therefore, the increasing appeal for social justice in pedagogical practices in a multicultural society can be understood through the use of reflection (blooms taxonomy targets only the more able) and questioning skills, it can be understood simply as a desire for many to challenge the local government and be informed about equality, economic, social justice and claim their rights which have been denied them. The use of citizenship in education was a good model, in the new Conservative government (coalition of liberals) this has been eradicated? However, it is clear that this authoritarian government have chosen to deny the British education system and general public a voice and an opportunity to think as individuals and by articulating (McLaren and Baltodano (2000). Conclusion It is relevant to look at the political ideologies, the local and global implications of control and the ethical issues that arise from the use of neo-conservative, neo-liberal ideologies and how it has reinforced pre conceived ideologies of the other. The use of critical thinking in a multicultural model can bring a new meaning to economic endeavours in an emergent new global economic order. The use of questioning can truly become the educational development from diverse voices under widely different educational contexts. The underdevelopment of culture and identity politics in a multicultural society can lead through the implementation of critical thinking skills aimed at social and economic development. As mentioned earlier, the notion of critical pedagogy can be achieved by changing the political ideologies of the western assumption of control over the labour market and the utilisation of education to drive the ideologies which reinforce international hierarchies of power in education, because the concepts of a critical cultural worker, with critical transformative intellectual and revolutionary pedagogy, can extend the resistance to economic, social injustice and oppression. This investment in education is paramount and will ensure both the sustainability as well as the longevity of the education system as an independent entity from political ideologies and policies. The institutions of higher education promote a strong and well trained workforce for the economic sector, yet students of British African Caribbean and Asian origin are still being marginalised as the ideology of equal opportunity, and reveal these institutions and agencies are implicated in reproducing ethnic labour at the lower rungs of the socio-economic formation ( Brah 1996). Current issues regarding the definition of a multicultural society encompass the debate on culture and community, histories of migration, immigration and the race relations paradigms, culture, ethnicity and cultural identities of community. However the historic problems addressing diversity in Britain, America, Europe Oceanic and postcolonial nations must take into account the existing post- colonial administrative structures, because this notions of the primitive are inseparable from the nation, the modern civilization, scientific ideas of racial difference and the grouping of people in the United Kingdom and the West have lead to further constraints for third and fourth generation ethnic minorities. The current policies need to take into account not only the national indigenous populations views but also individual cultural variations, for instance the medias portrayal of Africa as a starving continent the distinction of difference no country is defined in the commentary; similarly the predisposition, personal preferences, cultural and religious considerations are misappropriated yet all cultural values come into existence through discussion in the public and private domain. Alleyne thus argues that the use of this term community reproduces notions of race and importantly ideas of a relatively homogenous, white national community. The notion of community however has been used to create political solidarity amongst different minority collectivises. It was used in the social movements of the sixties and seventies to signify different political communities but has since re-emerged to signify communities bordered by cultural difference. The government subscribes to the notion of equal but distinct cultures and of a core national white community as an important means of governing the population. Unreflexive notions of community often serve to hide the constructedness of culture, and the culture of community construc tion (Alleyne 2002). Discussing multiculturalism and the philosophy of equality is a wide topic to cover in an educational political domain. Definitions of multiculturalism defer from country to country, especially with the different ethnic mixes and different religious beliefs as these can affect how a group is categorised. The educational background of the individual or the group plays a great part in participation and the access of fundamental rights, an illiterate or migrant parent with limited knowledge of the language of communication will have to be taught practical methods of the education, welfare and political systems as well as the way to demand rights and have political power. In todays world of daily conflicts the quality of life can be hugely enhanced if people fully understand their roles as citizens and challenged the postmodern thinking and the use of essentialism encouraged by postmodernist. In this world-weary period of pervasive cynicisms, nihilisms, terrorisms, and possible extermination, there is a longing for norms and values that can make a difference, a yearning for principled resistance and struggle that can change our desperate plight. Cornel West The American Evasion of Philosophy I reiterate the importance of critical thinking as the language of questioning the language of political challenge in order to share a common political identification as citizens we need to realign more with the social, environmental emotional, moral, cultural and ethical issues as they will balance the core of the capitalist economic market. Closer to home, citizenship was becoming the voice of the youth; with the anticipated reward that it might be the voice of the community as the citizenship test still exist. Then again I can be argumentative and challenge this ideology based on the rights of refugees classified as illegal immigrants and having no rights, especially in light of citizen advice bureau closures and the reduction of legal aid. Therefore for resistance to be effective we all need to be active citizens (activist) in the community and not just our own.

Rhetorical Figures in Leda and the Swan Essay -- Leda and the Swan Ess

Rhetorical Figures in Leda and the Swan   Ã‚   "Leda and the Swan," a sonnet by William Butler Yeats, describes a rape.   According to Perrine, "the first quatrain describes the fierce assault and the foreplay; the second quatrain, the act of intercourse; the third part of the sestet, the sexual climax" (147).   The rape that Yeats describes is no ordinary rape: it is a rape by a god.   Temporarily embodied in the majestic form of a swan, Zeus, king of the gods, consummated his passion for Leda, a mortal princess (Perrine 147).   The union produced two offspring: Helen of Troy and Clytemnestra, Agamemnon's wife.   In recounting this "momentous rape" with "large consequences for the future," (Perrine 147) Yeats uses rhetorical figures in each of the sonnet's three stanzas.    The figures in the first stanza create tension and portray the event.   All definitions for the rhetorical figures mentioned in this essay are derived from Lanham's A Handlist of Rhetorical Terms.   Yeats opens with an example of brachylogia, brevity of speech.   His elliptical fragment, "A sudden blow," recreates the stunning impact and tension of the assault.   The poet uses alliteration in the form of consonance: the plosive "b" first found in "blow" subtly batters the ear throughout the quatrain--"beating," "bill," and "breast," which occurs twice; the initial "g" found in "great" echoes in "girl"; and an initial "h" repeats in "her," which occurs three times, "he," "holds," "helpless," and "his".   Yeats ends the first line with "beating still," an example of anastrophe, a kind of hyperbaton, the unusual arrangement of words or clauses within a sentence, frequently for poetic effect.   The figure not only creates tension through arrangement but also throug... ...idled sexual passion, the coexistence of power and wisdom in human life, and the potential for combining youthful vitality and passion with mature knowledge and wisdom.    Works Cited Lanham, Richard A.   A Handlist of Rhetorical Terms.   2nd ed.   Berkeley: U of California P.   1991.   1-161. Perrine, Laurence.   Instructor's Manual to Accompany Literature: Structure, Sound, and Sense.   4th ed.   New York: Harcourt.   1983.   147-48. Yeats, William Butler.   "Leda and the Swan." Literature: Structure, Sound, and Sense.   4th ed.   Ed. Laurence Perrine.   New York: Harcourt.   1983.   636 The Spiritual Marriage of Maud Gonne and W.B Yeats (excerpt from Women of the Golden Dawn: Rebels and Priestesses by Mary K. Greer--an account of Yeats's fascination with the beautiful Irish revolutionary Maud Gonne, who inspired his greatest poetry and plays))   

Aeneas and His Ghosts :: Aeneas Presentation

Aeneas and His Ghosts The Aeneid Written by Virgil Translation by Fitzgerald I.Pious Aeneas (his background and key characteristics) †¢Mother is Venus (the Greek Aphrodite) Page 54, Book II, Lines 775-777 â€Å"Stepping before me, radiant through the night,My loving mother came: immortal, tall, And lovely as the lords of heaven know her.† †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Favored by Jupiter† Page 164, Book VI, Lines 190-193â€Å"†¦ A few Whom a benign Jupiter has loved or whom Fiery heroism has borne to heaven, Sons of gods, could do it†¦Ã¢â‚¬  †¢Fated oThe gods respect his fate. Page 11, Book I, Lines 319-322 â€Å"Surely from these the Romans are to come In the course of the years, renewing Teucer’s line, To rule the sea and all the lands about it,According to your promise†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ï‚ §He will found the land where Rome will later stand. Page 12-14, Book I, Lines 352-354, 373-375 â€Å"No, he, your son – now let me speak of him, In view of your consuming care, at length, Unfolding secret fated things to come-† â€Å"And call by his own name his people Romans. For these I set no limits, world or time, But make the gift of empire without end.† ï‚ §He is fated to go to the Underworld. Page 164, Book VI, Lines 214-217 â€Å"Pull away the bough. It will come willingly, Easily, if you are called by fate. If not, with all your strength you cannot conquer it, Cannot lop it off with a sword’s edge.† †¢Receptive and Open. oAeneas constantly looks for signs from the gods as to what his actions should be and listens/ follows through when he is nudged in the right direction. Page 110, Book IV, Lines 545-551 â€Å"Duty-bound, Aeneas, though he struggled with desire To calm and comfort her in all her pain, To speak to her and turn her mind from grief, And though he sighed his heart out, shaken still With love of her, yet took the course heaven gave him And went back to the fleet†¦Ã¢â‚¬  oIn all his interactions with his crew, wife, father, Dido, other leaders, the gods, etc., Aeneas listens instead of tooting his own horn (Odysseus), knowing there is a lot to be gained from others. †¢Aeneas is dutiful. oBrings the household gods. Page 65, Book III, Lines 16-18 â€Å"†¦I took to the open sea, Borne outward into exile with my people, My son, my hearth gods, and the greater gods† oCarries Anchises from Troy on his back and holds his opinion in high regard. Page 55, Book II, Lines 829-830 â€Å"†¦I looked for him at once, My first wish being to help him to the mountains;† Page 58, Book II, Lines 921-924

GDP & Employment/Inflation Essay

Introduction The current GDP growth rate for the US economy stands at about 2.5%. It is interesting to note that in each of the last quarters of the years, the rate is higher, but at the start of a new year the rate decreases in the first quarter. For example 2011, QIV is 4.9% while 2012 QI is 3.7%.   The stage of the business cycle the US economy may be is the expansion/recovery stage since its GDP trends show increase in most of the quarters. The GDP of any country may not be considered as an accurate economic well-being measure of a country since it only measures one aspect, the economic performance of a country and ignores other issues (Gordon, & National Bureau of Economic Research Conference on Business Cycles, 1986). The limitations include GDP does not consider inflation or deflation, does not measure externalities and changes due to change in change in exchange rate and it does not measure black markets or illegal transactions (McEachern, & Thomson South-Western, 2008). Unemployment and Inflation The most surprising is the rate of unemployment separated on race basis. The rate for the blacks is quite higher, at about 12.0% in Feb. 2014, compared to 5.8% whites or even 8.1% Latinos or Hispanic in the same month. The rate for the unemployed blacks ranges about between 11% and 13% over the last periods. Unemployment is high in blacks, and teenagers at 21.4%. Men have higher rate of 6.4% in Feb.2014 compared to women at 5.9% which seems to change very slightly. Unemployment rate is low among the highly educated (Gordon, 2004). Women seem to have higher chances of employment since their unemployment rate is low compared to males. The teenagers are still in schools hence higher rate. The rates high rates of unemployment could also be attributed to inflation which causes loss of jobs (Carlberg, 2012). References Carlberg, M. (2012). Unemployment and inflation in economic crises. Berlin: Springer. Gordon, R. J. (2004). Productivity growth, inflation, and unemployment: The collected essays   Ã‚  Ã‚   of Robert J. Gordon. Cambridge (UK: Cambridge University Press. Gordon, R. J., & National Bureau of Economic Research Conference on Business Cycles.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (1986). The American business cycle: Continuity and change. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. McEachern, W. A., & Thomson South-Western. (2008). Contemporary economics. Mason,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ohio: Thomson South-Western.

Motivational Interviewing Essay

The Motivational Interviewing and Stages of Change approach is complementary to the cultural values of Native American people and emphasizes listening, learning, and respect. Addictions in this day and time can be contributed to many factors and effect every ethnicity of people. Substance addiction has even affected the smallest ethnicity of people, Native Americans since their encounter with white people. Motivational Interviewing (MI) has even helped Native Americans through counselors learning and implementing the techniques. Even though clients are naturally resistant to change, utilizing the three pillars are very effective in helping even Native American people because expressing empathy shows that you care and developing discrepancy between client’s present behaviors and values & beliefs. Counselors today need to be trained in MI and cross culturally trained also to better serve individuals. I would through MI be empathic and express it through reflective listening, paraphrase what I hear from the client, ask them let me see if I am hearing you correctly, You are saying†¦.., I would communicate respectfully with the client, be supportive and establish a non-judgmental therapeutic relationship with the client. There are some great CBT techniques alone with homework assignments to help deal with the shame and embarrassment that a client is feeling about their substance use or other problems that are going on. CBT can be self talk with positive statements to themselves, daily mood and thought record and etc. There are so many techniques that can be utilized with MI to help a client even through shame. As a counselor, I will utilize the following principles known also as pillars with MI to help motivate my clients: expressing empathy through reflective listening, developing discrepancy between client’s present behavior and values & beliefs, rolling with resistance by avoiding arguments & confrontation also adjust to the resistance, and last support self-efficacy by affirming clients strengths and allowing freedom and choice. First pillar that would be utilized is expressing empathy. Expressing empathy means to understand my client, know and respect where they are in the stage of change , and using reflective listening by using reflection, paraphrasing, or summarizing what has been stated by the client. For example, so let me get this right you said †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. , Did I get that right? Okay, let me see if I understand what you are feeling right now. In other words walk a mile in their moccasins and know where they are coming from. Second, pillar that would be used is developing discrepancy by getting the client to see that their behaviors that they are exhibiting does not reflect what they have stated that is their values, beliefs, and morals. I would listen to my clients, reflecting, and ask open ended-question. According to Capuzzi & Stauffer (2012), â€Å"When a client is able to experience an internal discrepancy between his or her current behaviors and his or her values, beliefs, and goals, the change process can begin. This is due in large part to the underlying principle of cognitive dissonance (p.131). Third pillar is rolling with resistance which is where a client is resistant to change than as a counselor I would not argue with the client, I will ask the client to tell me more about their view point so that I can understand where they are coming from more. Most important avoid labeling a client. I would ask open-ended questions to invite them in to talk more about what they believe is their reason for not wanting to change, engage in problem solving, or maybe reflecting back their values, beliefs, and goals (Capuzzi & Stauffer, 2012). Last pillar is support self-efficacy which is fostering the client’s belief that they can make the necessary changes successfully, making sure the client knows that they are responsible for deciding to change and carrying out the change, let the client know my belief that they can change, and guide client to explore alternative problem solving solutions or approaches to change (Capuzzi & Stauffer, 2012). In conclusion, I learned that if a counselor is trained in MI and understands how to deliver the techniques with clients that it would be an effective technique with clients to motivate the stage of changes. For instance, â€Å"data from the current survey collected in a Native American community suggest that MI may be well suited as an intervention to prevent underage drinking and that a MI research program to reduce underage drinking would be generally well tolerated in this reservation community (Tonigan, Miller, & Villanueva, 2007). References Capuzzi, D., & Stauffer, M. (Eds.). (2012). Foundations of addiction counseling (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson. Tonigan, J. S., Miller, W. R., & Villanueva, M. (2007). Response of native american clients to three treatment methods for alcohol dependence Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,url,cookie,uid&an=28650827&db=ehh&scope=site&site=ehost; http://xs6th8dt4r.search.serialssolutions.com.library.gcu.edu:2048?sid=CentralSearch:EDJ&genre=article&atitle=Response+of+Native+American+Clients+to+Three+Treatment+Methods+for+Alcohol+Dependence.&volume=6&issue=2&title=Journal+of+Ethnicity+in+Substance+Abuse&issn=1533-2640&date=2007-06-01&spage=41&aulast=Tonigan&aufirst=J