Undertake a Project Essay Example for Free

Undertake a Project Essay Q1. A project is a defined set of planned and managed activities carried out for a period of time, which has a defined start and end time. (State of New South Wales, Dep of Education and Training 2013, Topic 1, p.1) E.g. the erection of bus stop shelters on all bus stops in the suburb of Wellwish. The features of a project include: * Having a defined beginning and end date. (The project will run for approximately 7 months) * It has unique purpose with specific objectives that meet the client’s goals and requirements within specified quality and performance criteria. (The bus shelters will provide protection from the sun and rain in summer and rainy for bus commuters in the suburb). * Uses resources, such as money, time, people and equipment that have been allocated to the project. (This project will be go source of income to the local community as they will be employed to undertake most of the work) * Usually follows a planned and structured approach to meet their objectives. (The will be road and foot path closures in the areas where the construction of the bus shelter will be, but there will be notices in advance of which roads will be affected. This will minimise any unforseen accident from the members of the Wellwish suburb). * Have a primary sponsor or stakeholders who provide directions and funding. (Apart from the local council being the main sponsor of this project, the local community will be given up-to-date information on the progress of this project and any disruptions which might occur in the process). Q2 1.Planning Originates Controlling: In planning process, the objectives or targets are to be set, and to achieve those goals, control process is required. So we can say that Planning precedes control. 2. Control sustains planning: Controlling directs the course of planning. Controlling spots the areas where planning is required. 3. Controlling provides information for planning: In controlling, the performance is compared with standards and deviations, if any, are to be recorded. The information collected during any type of control, is used for planning also. 4. Planning and control are inter-related: Planning is the initial step of a project and controlling is in the process and required at every step. For the same both are dependent upon each other and inter-related. 5. Both are forward looking: Planning is always for the future and control is forward looking. No one has the control on past, it is only the future, which can be controlled. There are tools which will be using in the smooth operation of the project of erection of bus shelters in the suburb of Wellwish. In this project I have decided to use three tools which will assist us in the planning and controlling of activities throughout the duration the project, they are the work breakdown schedule (WBS), the Gantt chart and the critical path method. THE WORK BREAKDOWN SCHEDULE (WBS): This tool will help us high light the goals of the project, its objectives, its tasks and sub-tasks and all the work activities which will be undertaken during the construction the bus shelters in the suburb (State of New South Wales, Dep of Education and Training 2013, Topic 2, p.12). THE GANTT CHARTS: This is the most used chart in most projects undertaken. They will be used to demonstrate various forms of project schedule information during the construction of the bus shelters. This chart will help us to see if the anticipated start and finish dates for the activities called for in a plan are on schedule. (Cole,2013, pp.505).They will be represented in a series of horizontal bars or lines in a given month/months. CRITICAL PATH METHODS This tool will be used to analyse the duration of the project by calculating the longest path within the project i.e which task will take the shortest period and longest period to complete. This will help us to focus and manage closely the task which might take long to complete (State of New South Wales, Dep of Education and Training 2013, Topic 2, p.14). Q3 Initiation A solid project initiation will not only set your project up for success but it will also lay the groundwork for all future stages. During initiation, I will get the project team members assigned, brief them on the overall project goals and ask the client or project owner as many questions as possible so you can plan the project efficiently. This is also a great time to build team enthusiasm about the project and collect any last minute details that might influence project planning. (Stricker, 2013) Planning Once I have initiated the project and gathered all relevant information, I will then begin planning the project. Katie Stricker (2013) explains that the planning stage will depends on the size of the project, how much information i have to organize and how large your team is. The end result of planning should be a clear project plan or schedule, from which everyone will follow their assigned tasks. Using a project-planning program such as Microsoft Project or Basecamp will be extremely helpful when planning a project. I will be using Excel and Word to create my plan and communicate it to the team will be the most effective way. Execution This is stage in which the team can begin executing the project against their assigned tasks (Stricker, 2013). This is the stage where everyone actually starts doing the work. I will officially kick-off the execution stage with in-person meetings to ensure everyone has what they need to begin executing their part of the project. Getting the team started on the right track is essential to project’s success, so a well-articulated schedule and communications plan will made clearly to all the team members. Monitor and Control While the project is in the execution stage, i will begin monitoring and controlling it to ensure its proceeding along as planned. There are a variety of ways I will be monitoring and controlling the project. Casual check-ins with team leaders, organized daily stand-ups† or more formal weekly status meetings are effective. The information that comes out of these meetings or communication channels will inform the feedback loop and ultimately any re-planning and adjustments that will be necessary to the project (Stricker, 2013). Project Close Once all the details and tasks of the project are complete and approved by the council of Wellwish, then I will finally close the project. The closing of a project is just as important as its initiation, planning and execution. I will be documenting all the information from the project and organize it neatly so if there will be need to go back to it, the information will be readily available. This will be also a good time to hold a review on the project so all team members can reflect on what went right, or wrong during the project. This should also be documented so the outcome can be shared with other project members and filed in a project history fold (Stricker, 2013). KEY ES| | EF| S| | | LS| | LF| PART 2 Activities of the critical path. 1| B| 6| 5| $45| | 6| 5| 11| 6| D| 10| 5| $52| | 11| 4| 13| 10| F| 14| 4| $56| | 14| 4| 18| 18| H| 20| 0| $30| | 18| 2| 20| 0| A| 1| 5| $20| | 5| 1| 6| 3| E| 5| 8| $40| | 11| 2| 13| 10| G| 13| 3| $36| | 13| 3| 16| 1| C| 3| 8 | $30| | 9 | 2| 11| 16| I| 20| 0| $60| | 16| 4| 20| (S=LF-EF or S= LS-ES) Cost ($000’s) b) The duration of the critical path was 6 months Activity| 1m| 2ms| 3ms| 4ms| 5ms| 6ms| 7ms| 8ms| 9ms| 10ms| 11ms| 12ms| 13ms| 14ms| 15ms| 16ms| 17ms| 18ms| 19ms| 20ms| A| $20| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | B| | $45| $45| $45| $45| $45| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | C| | $30| $30| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | D| | | | | | | $52| $52| $52| $52| | | | | | | | | | | E| | | | $40| $40| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | F| | | | | | | | | | | $56| $56| $56| $56| | | | | | | G| | | | | | | | | | | $36| $36| $36| | | | | | | | H| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | $30| $30| | | | | I| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | $60| $60| $60| $60| Cost ($000’s) REFERENCE LIST: Stricker, Katie 2013, The five stages of a project, Viewed 09/09/13, http://www.management.about.com/od/projectmanagement/a/Five-Stages-of-a-Project.htm Cole,K 2013, Management: theory and practice, 5th edn Pearson Australia, NSW State of New South Wales, Department of Education and Training, 2013, Define project, TAFE NSW, Sydney, NSW State of New South Wales, Department of Education and Training, 2013, Develop project plans, TAFE NSW, Sydney, NSW

Game Theory in Nature :: essays research papers

Game Theory in Nature: Biologists observe that animals and even lower organisms often behave altruistically. Such behavior is obviously beneficial for the species as a whole. Although it is difficult to measure how an animal’s altruistic behaviour affects its chances for survival and reproduction, theoretical research is starting to fill in the picture of how cooperation may survive natural selection. Some of the most illuminating ideas are coming from game theory, the field of mathematics that studies strategic behavior in competitive situations. For decades, game theorists' basic paradigm for the puzzle of cooperation has been the scenario called the prisoner's dilemma, in which each player has a powerful incentive to exploit the other. The game is set up so that cooperation is best for the group, but each player individually does better by taking advantage of the other. TIT FOR TAT: Things look rosier for cooperation in situations where a participant plays the prisoner's dilemma repeatedly with the same opponent and learns from previous games. After all, it can be risky to exploit someone you know you're going to encounter again. A player using the tit-for-tat strategy cooperates in the first round and then in each subsequent round mimics the opponent's behavior in the previous round. In a population containing a mix of defectors and tit-for-tat players, the latter generally do better, provided there are enough of them. When they meet another tit-for-tat player, both cooperate and get a high payoff. When they meet a defector, they get suckered once, but only once. If repeatedly losing the game translates into low fitness, often the defectors do so poorly that they eventually die out, leaving an entirely cooperative population. Ultimately, a better understanding of the interplay between cooperation and exploitation could help explain the emergence not just of cooperation but also of life itself. After all, life owes its origins to primeval acts of inanimate cooperation, in which RNA, proteins, and other molecules banded together to form cells. Game Theory in Nature :: essays research papers Game Theory in Nature: Biologists observe that animals and even lower organisms often behave altruistically. Such behavior is obviously beneficial for the species as a whole. Although it is difficult to measure how an animal’s altruistic behaviour affects its chances for survival and reproduction, theoretical research is starting to fill in the picture of how cooperation may survive natural selection. Some of the most illuminating ideas are coming from game theory, the field of mathematics that studies strategic behavior in competitive situations. For decades, game theorists' basic paradigm for the puzzle of cooperation has been the scenario called the prisoner's dilemma, in which each player has a powerful incentive to exploit the other. The game is set up so that cooperation is best for the group, but each player individually does better by taking advantage of the other. TIT FOR TAT: Things look rosier for cooperation in situations where a participant plays the prisoner's dilemma repeatedly with the same opponent and learns from previous games. After all, it can be risky to exploit someone you know you're going to encounter again. A player using the tit-for-tat strategy cooperates in the first round and then in each subsequent round mimics the opponent's behavior in the previous round. In a population containing a mix of defectors and tit-for-tat players, the latter generally do better, provided there are enough of them. When they meet another tit-for-tat player, both cooperate and get a high payoff. When they meet a defector, they get suckered once, but only once. If repeatedly losing the game translates into low fitness, often the defectors do so poorly that they eventually die out, leaving an entirely cooperative population. Ultimately, a better understanding of the interplay between cooperation and exploitation could help explain the emergence not just of cooperation but also of life itself. After all, life owes its origins to primeval acts of inanimate cooperation, in which RNA, proteins, and other molecules banded together to form cells.

Raccoon

Neil Ms. Parkhurst Chemistry 10/3/2012 Law of Conservation of Mass Inquiry Lab Background In the 19th century, Antoine Lavoisier discovered the Law of Conservation of Mass, the Law of Conservation of Mass states that mass is neither created nor destroyed during ordinary chemical reactions or physical changes. A Closed System can not exchange any of heat, work, or matter with the surrounding. An Open System can exchange all of heat, work, or matter. It allows interactions between its internal elements and the environment. PurposeThe purpose of this lab was to designed and complete a laboratory experiment that proves the law of conservation of mass. Procedure First of all, a flask was taking out and filled in with 15ml of water. The mass of the flask & water was determined and recorded. Then, an Alka Seltzer tablet was filled in the water. After a while, placed the flask & water & Alka Seltzer tablet on to the balance pan, the mass of the whole system was determined. This procedure was for the open system. For the close system, a flask was taking out and filled in with 15ml of water.The mass of the flask & water was determined and recorded. Then, an Alka Seltzer tablet was placed in a balloon, and put the balloon on the top of the flask, the Alka Seltzer tablet fell into the water. After the reaction was done, measured the mass of it, recorded it into the data table. IV. Data Table Data of Law of Conservation of Mass | |Mass | |Open system before |126. 3g | |Open system after |126. 09g | |Closed system before |143. 65g | |Closed system after |145. 21g | Conclusion and Analysis The mass of the open system before was 126. 53g, and the mass of open system after was 126. 09g. The mass of closed system before was 143. 65g, after was 145. 21g.Both set of data were close enough to justify the law of conservation of mass which is the mass were about the same before and after a reaction. According to the reaction, which was H2O + NaHCO3 = CO2 + H2O + NaOH, showed that the re were some gas which was CO2 were produced. According to the law of open and closed system, the CO2 were escaped from the open system, on the other hand, it were keep in the closed system. Because of that, the open system was missing some of the mass of gas, it made the first procedure differ from the second procedure.

Womens View in a Mens World - 1181 Words

â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† by Susan Glaspell can be described as a murder mystery in which the motive was found because of â€Å"women†¦worrying over trifles† (Glaspell L-41). In the story, Mr. Hale and his son Harry find Mr. Wright lying on his bed dead due to strangulation by a rope. His wife, Mrs. Minnie Foster Wright, claims that she does not know who killed him. The sheriff (Mr. Peters), Mr. Hale, and the county attorney (Young Henderson) believe Mrs. Wright killed him because they do not understand how someone could commit the murder and her not wake up even though she was sleeping â€Å"in the bed beside him.† Mrs. Wright was taken to jail, and the men decided to go look for evidence. Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters go with them to gather â€Å"an apron† and a â€Å"shawl† for Ms. Wright (Glaspell L-45). Mrs. Peters says, â€Å"Mr. Henderson said, coming out, that what was needed for the case was a motive. Something to show anger--or sudden f ear† (Glaspell L-45). The men doubt the women will find anything useful; Mr. Hale even says, â€Å"But would the women know a clue if they did come upon it?† (Glaspell L-43). The men and women have different thoughts about the house, the quilt, and the birdcage which results in the women successfully finding the motive for Mr. Wright’s murder. First of all, the men and women have different thoughts of the Wright house. Mrs. Wright had canned fruit, and the jars busted from getting too cold and leaked out of the cabinet. The county attorney finds the jars and he justShow MoreRelatedAmerican Athlete Babe Didrikson Zaharias1301 Words   |  6 Pagesthe twentieth century. Within recent years, women have made huge strides in the world of sports and athletics but are still not getting proper recognition for the time, effort, and talent these women have put into their sport. 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